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Gods, Sages and Scholars
The ancient authors of astrological texts can be categorized in to three, specially pointing to their antiquity- one-Gods, two-Prajapatis and Sages and three-Scholars. The ancient most period is ascribed to the gods, the period after that to Prajapatis and sages and the period of near datable antiquity to scholars. If some text is ascribed to the gods then it means that the the text is undatable and comes does down to us from the ancient most antiquity, and if ascribed to prajapatis or sages it means that mostly they too come down to us from the undatable antiquity even though later than the gods (and dating efforts can be done, even though there is a very less chance for us to succeed in it) and if ascribed to the scholars then they come after the period of the sages and there is a pretty good chance that we would be able to locate their chronological period of existence. Among later day scholars also at times it many happen that if some scholar is really into the path of spirituality he might be called a sage instead of a scholar (but this is a rare occurrence as far as astrological texts are concerned). This text contains the quotes from the texts authored by the above three categories of ancient wisemen - gods, prajapatis/sages and ancient scholars.
Adbhuta Sagara and the Period of Some Sages
I was going through the ancient text Adbhuta Sagara written by the Jain king Ballala sena of 13th century AD. Some quotes that mention the position of winter and summer solstice at various periods as quoted by many sages is present in the book and this unique info attracted my attention. The following write-up is based on the info provided by this book alone.
BC 1500-1400 (Vedanga Jyotisha of Sage Lagatha)
“The Uttarayana starts from beginning of Dhanishta and the Dakshinayana from the middle of Aslesha.”
[Vedanga Jyotisha].
As per this winter solstice is at the beginning of Dhanishta and the summer solstice at the middle of Aslesha. This is a fact of BC 1500-1400 and thus the book Vedanga Jyotisha and the sage Lagatha dates back to BC 1500-1400 period.
The mention of middle point of Dhanishta and the starting point of Aslesha clarifies that the sage is speaking about the fixed Nakshatra divisions and NOT about a particular star. (i.e. the fixed Nakshatra divisions and the Nakshatra chakra of 27 Nakshatras were in place at that time itself)
Aryabhata and Jain Yuga system
This essay is my effort to understand the idea put forward by Chandrahari that Aryabhata was a Jain, and the text Aryabhateeya reflects the Astronomical understanding and Yuga system followed by the Jain community. He has written some very good articles on the same, which are scholarly and much informative than this simple effort to understand the same. I thank him for guiding my thoughts in this direction. Since my understanding of Jain tradition and of astronomy is very limited, this essay may contain mistakes, please pardon my ignorance if you find one.
The 9th sloka in the 3rd chapter of Aryabhateeya states-
Utsarpini Yugartham Paschadapasarpini Yugardham cha
Madhye Yugasya sushama Adavante dushamenduchaat
Meaning, the first half of a Yuga is Utsarpini and the second half is Apasarpini. Sushama is the middle of the Yuga and Dushama is the start and end of the Yuga. All the calculations related to Yuga must be done considering the Apogee of Moon.
Sphuji Dhwaja and Meena Raja
Sukra Dhwaja is another name for Kama Deva, the Indian god of love, beauty, affection, sex etc. I would love to call Sphuji Dhwaja and Meena Raja as Sukra Dhwaja (The one having Venus as his flag pole) rather than calling them by their own name. Why – I will explain.
The meaning of the words Meena Raja and Sphuji Dhwaja are notable. Sphurat means shine. Asphujit means Venus, the evening star. Sphujit also means Venus, the morning star. Dhwaja means flag pole. Thus Sphuji Dhwaja means, ‘the one for whom Venus is the flag pole’. This is none but Kama DevaH, the handsome god of desire, the god of love, sex and beauty. Yes, the same are the qualities attributed to Venus in astrology. In astrology it is Venus who represent Kama DevaH, sex, beauty and love.
Sun in 2nd house
If Sun is in the second house then the native loses money night and day and becomes poor but will gain wealth through copper. If sun is in 2nd house then the native would be lucky. He will have wealth, children and there would be happiness in family. Has disease of the mouth. At the age of twenty five obtains punishment from the king and loses his wealth. If exalted or in own sign then no bad results. If conjunct with malefics then has disease of the eyes. Is less knowledgeable and diseased. If aspected by benefics then strong and bad results are destroyed. Has healthy eyes. If in exalted or in own sign then very wealthy. Is conjunct with Mercury then fluency of talk. If second lord is exalted then native is an orator. Knows the scriptures, is enlightened, has healthy eyes and has a Raj Yoga.